As Nigeria joined the rest of the world in commemorating World Press Freedom Day, the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) and the Nigerian Guild of Editors (NGE) have called on President Bola Tinubu’s administration to stop using the Cybercrimes Act as a weapon against free speech.
They demanded the immediate release of journalists, activists, and critics currently detained under the controversial law for peacefully expressing their opinions online.
At a press conference in Lagos titled Unchecked Injustice: How Authorities Are Weaponizing the Cybercrimes Act to Stifle Peaceful Dissent and Media Freedom in Nigeria, the groups condemned the use of the Act, particularly its amended Section 24; as a tool to silence dissent.
They warned that this trend not only erodes democratic values but also threatens press freedom and undermines Nigeria’s human rights obligations.
According to the groups, “Using laws that don’t conform with constitutional and guarantees and international human rights standards – like the Cybercrimes Act – erodes democracy and the rule of law in Nigeria.”
The statement followed the press conference on ‘Unchecked Injustice: How Authorities Are Weaponizing the Cybercrimes Act to Stifle Peaceful Dissent and Media Freedom in Nigeria’, held on Saturday in Ikeja, Lagos. The event was jointly organized by SERAP and NGE to mark the World Press Freedom Day.
The groups also said, “Nigerian authorities at all levels should show that they tolerate peaceful dissent and media freedom if the Nigerian people are to have any chance of holding them accountable on their constitutional oath of office, commitments and promises.”
The statement, read in part: “We are concerned that Nigerian authorities have continued to use the Cybercrime Act to normalize repression of the rights of journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders, opposition politicians, artists and other Nigerians.”
“Nigerian authorities at all levels of government should immediately stop using the Cybercrimes Act and regulations disguised as broadcasting code by the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) to target, intimidate and harass journalists, bloggers, critics and media houses.”
“Impunity for those who threaten, intimidate and harass journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders and activists exacerbates the hostile environment for these defenders of constitutionally and internationally guaranteed human rights in Nigeria.”
“We note that the suppression of the press in recent times takes various forms ranging from extrajudicial to unlawful detentions, disappearances, malicious prosecutions and wrongful use of both legislation and law enforcement.”
“Since the amendment of the Cybercrime Act in 2024, Nigerian authorities at all levels have consistently used the provisions of the Cybercrime Act including the provisions of section 24 on “cyberstalking” to harass, intimidate, arbitrarily arrest and detain and unfairly prosecute users of social media, activists, and journalists.”
“Nigerian authorities at all levels increasingly use criminal defamation laws and other repressive laws to crack down on human rights and peaceful dissent, bringing frivolous lawsuits against journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders and activists.”
“We are also concerned about the persistence of threats to journalists’ safety, and the potential chilling effect of strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs) and harassment, including by security agencies and politicians.”
“We note that journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders and activists play an indispensable role in documenting and reporting on human rights violations.”
“The right to freedom of expression applies to all kinds of information and ideas, including those that may shock, offend or disturb, and irrespective of the truth or falsehood of the content.”
“The provisions of the provisions of the Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) (Amendment) Act 2024, including Section 24 are inconsistent with the provisions of section 39 of the Nigerian Constitution 1999 [as amended] and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights to which Nigeria is a state party.”
“We note that the ECOWAS Court of Justice on 25 March 2022 held that section 24 of the Cybercrime Act is arbitrary, vague and repressive and therefore, is in contravention of Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.”
“The Court also ordered the Federal Government to amend section 24 of the Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015 in accordance with the country’s obligations under Article 1 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights.”
“However, while the National Assembly amended the Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention etc.) Act, 2015 in 2024, section 24 of the Cybercrimes Act (as amended) is still vaguely worded, arbitrary and easily lends itself to subjective interpretation and repressive use by the Nigerian authorities.”
“Because the provisions of section 24 of the Cybercrimes Act 2024 are so broadly defined as to expose them to abuse for less legitimate ends, Nigerian authorities have persistently used these provisions to crackdown and violate the human rights of Nigerians including activists, bloggers, journalists, and social media users.”
“The amended Cybercrime Act 2024, despite the wide-ranging provisions in its section 24, still provides a vaguely worded meaning for ‘Cyberstalking’ in section 58 as ‘a course of conduct, directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear.’”
“The provisions of the Cybercrimes Act 2024, including section 24, contain several broadly defined offences with harsh sentences that threaten human rights and have had a chilling effect on freedom of expression and media freedom in Nigeria.”
“Stories published online have been deemed ‘offensive’, ‘obstructive’, ‘insulting’ or ‘annoying’ with actionable consequences under amended provisions of section 24 of the Cybercrime Act 2024, even when the stories are true and factual.”
“Also, stories published through traditional media outlets (print and electronic) that were never sanctioned by the government have been picked on upon being rebroadcast or republished through online platforms.”
“Section 24 of the Cybercrimes Act 2024 represents a harshly punitive attempt to address the problems relating to stalking and harassment, and the Act fails to provide sufficient safeguards against misuse, particularly for peaceful and legitimate exercise of freedom of expression and investigative journalism.”
“What constitutes ‘causing a breakdown of law and order’ is also unclear, threatening to punish peaceful and legitimate expression and opening the provisions up to abuse.”
“According to Reporters Without Borders (RSF), Nigeria has dropped 10 spots to 122nd in the 2025 World Press Freedom Index.”
“According to the 2023 and 2024 Freedom House Reports on Nigeria, internet freedom of expression declined due to an unprecedented pattern of arbitrary arrests and detention of bloggers after the enactment and amendment of the Cybercrime Act in 2024; most of whom are either pending at various police stations or courts of law.”
“According to the Centre for Journalism Innovation and Development (CJID) Press Attack Tracker, there have been 110 verified attacks in the year 2024. In comparison to the previous year, the press attacks between the first and third quarter of 2024 have surpassed those of the entire year in 2023.”
“We therefore call on President Bola Tinubu and his government to review the Cybercrime Act and other repressive laws for potential restrictions on free speech and press, and amend them in line with constitutional and international human rights standards and to uphold the human rights of every Nigerian and media freedom.”
“We urge President Tinubu and his government to publicly call on Nigeria’s state governors, the Nigerian Police Force, the Department of State Services (DSS) to uphold and ensure full respect for the rights of everyone in the country, including journalists, bloggers, human rights defenders and activists.”
“We call on President Tinubu and his government, the country’s 36 governors and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) minister to genuinely uphold press freedom, ensure access to information to all Nigerians, obey court judgments, and respect the rule of law.”
“We urge the Attorney General to push for the immediate amendment of the Cybercrimes Act and other repressive legislation, and bring these laws in line with the Nigerian Constitution and international human rights obligations to which Nigeria is a state party.”
“We urge the Attorney General to advise President Bola Tinubu to promptly obey all outstanding court judgments, including the ECOWAS Court judgment directing the Federal Government to repeal the repressive Cybercrimes Act and bring it in conformity with Nigeria’s international human rights obligations and commitments.”
“We urge the National Assembly to promptly and comprehensively review the Cybercrimes Act and other restrictive legislation, and revise them as appropriate to bring them into line with Nigeria’s international human rights obligations and commitments regarding human rights and media freedom.”
“We urge state governors to ensure that security agencies, the Nigeria Police Force and other authorities drop all charges against journalists, bloggers and other media workers and critics, and cease further arbitrary closures of radio and television stations.”
“We urge the international community to hold Nigerian authorities to account for violations of human rights in the country, including by calling on the authorities at both the Federal and state levels to immediately and unconditionally release anyone detained solely for peacefully exercising their human rights.”
The press conference was attended by senior members of the media, civil society groups and other stakeholders. Those who attended the event included: Richard Akinnola; Eze Anaba, President, NGE; Dr Iyobosa Uwugiaren; Martins Oloja, former Editor-Chief, Guardian; and Ms Bukola Coker, Channels TV.
Others who attended the event included: Steve Nwosu, Treasurer, NGE; Don Okere, editor, Daily Independent, Hamza Idris, Editor-in-Chief, Daily Trust; Femi Adekoya, Editor, The Guardian; Mustapha Isa, director of news Silverbird TV; Ikechukwu Amaechi, Editor-in-Chief, Niche; Onuoha Ukeh, Editor-in-Chief, The Sun; and Nwosu Iheancho, editor, The Sun.
Others included: Juliet Bumah, editor, News Telegraph; Korede Ogunbunmi, GM, Radio 1 FRCN; Niyi Ojemakinde, GM, Miliki FM; Joy Anigbogu, editor, Daily Independent; Oluwatosin Odusola, editor, Radio Lagos; James Oluyombo Tokode, editor,
The Nations; Ufuoma Egbamuno, manager, Cool/Wazobia News.
